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Formulas & shortcuts

English Language · 17

Every formula in this course and the easiest ways to remember them, on one page.

1. Upper-intermediate (B2)2. Academic and professional English (C1)

1Upper-intermediate (B2)Advanced

The Past Perfect and narrative tenses

Open lesson

Advanced future forms

Open lesson

All types of conditionals and wish

Open lesson
If + had + V3, … would + V1
where:
  • had + V3a condition in the past that did not happen
  • would + V1an imaginary result now

Past condition → present result: If I had taken that job in London, I would be living there now.

If + V2 (were), … would have + V3
where:
  • V2 (were)an (unreal) quality that is true in general, also now
  • would have + V3an imaginary result in the past

Present quality → past result: If Aysel weren't so shy, she would have spoken at the meeting.

The passive voice and the causative

Open lesson
have / get + object + V3
where:
  • have / getin any tense: have, had, is having, has had, will have …
  • objectthe thing the job is done to: my car, my hair, the roof
  • V3the past participle: repaired, cut, painted

Examples: We're having our kitchen painted next week. (Painters will do it for us.) I've just had my eyes tested. (An optician tested them.)

Reported speech

Open lesson

Relative clauses and participle clauses

Open lesson

Gerunds and infinitives: -ing or to?

Open lesson

2Academic and professional English (C1)University

Academic writing: essay, thesis and style

Open lesson
PEEL = Point + Evidence + Explanation + Link
where:
  • Pointthe main idea of the paragraph (topic sentence)
  • Evidencea fact, statistic, example or quotation (with a source)
  • Explanationexplain how the evidence supports the point
  • Linka link back to the thesis or on to the next paragraph

The four parts of a strong paragraph

Advanced vocabulary: collocations, word formation and idioms

Open lesson

Inversion, emphasis and style

Open lesson
Negative adverbial + auxiliary + subject + main verb
where:
  • Negative adverbiala negative or restrictive expression: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Not only, Only then, Under no circumstances …
  • auxiliaryhave, be, will, can … or do/does/did

Example: Never have I felt so proud. — the word order is the same as in a question.

Presentations and debate

Open lesson

Business English: emails, meetings, negotiation and CVs

Open lesson