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Chemistry

The world of atoms, substances and reactions

Discover what substances are made of, how they are built and how they change — from the atom and the periodic table to chemical bonds, balanced equations and calculations with the mole. By the end you will recognise acids, bases and salts, calculate the concentration of solutions and take your first steps in organic chemistry. After the upper-grade topics (redox, equilibrium, electrochemistry, organic compounds) the course continues to university level — atomic structure, thermodynamics, kinetics, reaction mechanisms and biochemistry.

45 lessons7 modules≈ 17.6 hGrades 7–11BeginnerIntermediateAdvancedUniversity
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Substances and mixtures

Course content

All tests · 13Formulas & shortcuts
1

Substances and atoms

Beginner

Pure substances and mixtures, states of matter and the structure of the atom.

3 lessons
  1. 1Substances and mixturesTell bodies from substances, learn to separate mixtures and distinguish physical changes from chemical ones.
  2. 2States of matterExplain solids, liquids and gases with the particle model and learn how substances change state.
  3. 3The structure of the atomMeet protons, neutrons and electrons, find the atomic number and mass number, and learn what isotopes are.
2

The periodic table and chemical bonds

Intermediate

The periodic law, types of bonds, valence and writing chemical formulas.

3 lessons
  1. 4The periodic law and the periodic tableLearn how the periodic table is built: periods, groups and the patterns in the properties of elements.
  2. 5Chemical bondsFind out why atoms join together and learn to tell ionic, covalent and metallic bonds apart.
  3. 6Valence and chemical formulasLearn to read chemical formulas, write formulas from valences and calculate relative molecular mass.
3

Reactions and chemical calculations

Intermediate

Balancing equations, the mole, molar mass and the concentration of solutions.

5 lessons
  1. 7Chemical reactions and equationsLearn the law of conservation of mass, balance chemical equations and recognise the main types of reactions.
  2. 8The mole and molar massLearn to measure amounts of substance in moles, use molar mass and the molar volume of gases, and calculate with chemical equations.
  3. 9Stoichiometry: excess and limiting reagent, yieldOne fixed method for calculations from equations: find the limiting reagent, work out what is left over, take yield and impurities into account, and solve mixture and graph problems — with DİM-style tasks.
  4. 10Solutions and solubilitySolvent and solute, types of solutions, the hydrate theory and heat effects of dissolving, solubility and solubility curves, crystallisation on cooling, saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions, crystal hydrates and the solubility of gases — with DİM-style tasks.
  5. 11Solution concentration: mass fraction and molarityMass fraction and molarity, converting one into the other with density, dilution, evaporation, mixing and the cross rule, making a solution from a crystal hydrate, counting atoms in a solution and the mass of a solution after a reaction — with DİM-style tasks.
4

Inorganic chemistry: classes of substances and the elements

Advanced

Acids, bases, salts and electrolytic dissociation, metals and non-metals, halogens, oxygen and sulfur, nitrogen and nitric acid, alkali and alkaline-earth metals, aluminium and iron, genetic links between inorganic compounds — with DİM-style tasks.

10 lessons
  1. 12Acids, bases, salts and pHRecognise acids, bases and salts by their formulas, identify acidic and alkaline solutions with indicators and the pH scale, and learn about neutralisation.
  2. 13Electrolytic dissociation, ion-exchange reactions and hydrolysis of saltsHow acids, bases and salts break up into ions in water, how to calculate the degree of dissociation, write ionic equations, identify ions and predict the medium of a salt solution — with DİM-style tasks.
  3. 14Metals and non-metalsTell metals from non-metals by their physical and chemical properties, use the reactivity series, and learn about alloys and corrosion.
  4. 15Halogens. Chlorine and its compoundsTrends from F to I, how chlorine is made, its reactions with water and alkalis, hydrochloric acid, the oxyacids of chlorine and tests for halide ions — with DİM-style table, statement and calculation tasks.
  5. 16Sulfur and its compounds. Sulfuric acidSulfur’s structure and allotropes, H₂S, SO₂ and SO₃, dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid with metals and non-metals, the contact process, sulfates and ion tests — with DİM-style scheme, table and calculation tasks.
  6. 17Nitrogen, ammonia and ammonium saltsThe structure and properties of nitrogen, making ammonia in the laboratory and in industry, its basic and reducing properties (including catalytic oxidation), ammonium salts, the test for NH₄⁺ and the nitrogen oxides — with DİM-style tasks on limiting reagents, gas mixtures and n(t) graphs.
  7. 18Nitric acid and nitratesHow nitric acid is made, its reactions with metals depending on concentration and activity (NO₂, NO, N₂O, N₂, NH₄NO₃, passivation), its reactions with non-metals, electron-balance calculations, the thermal decomposition of nitrates and the nitrate test — with DİM-style table and scheme tasks.
  8. 19Alkali metals and calciumTrends in the lithium subgroup, the reactions of sodium and potassium with water and oxygen (Na₂O₂, KO₂), their hydroxides and key salts, group IIA and calcium compounds, the kinds of gypsum, water hardness and how to remove it, and flame tests — with DİM-style comparison and calculation tasks.
  9. 20Aluminium, iron and their compoundsHow aluminium is made and how it behaves, the amphoterism of Al₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃, the AlCl₃ + NaOH precipitation–dissolution graph, aluminothermy, the Al³⁺ test; iron, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ compounds and their tests, a metal plate in a salt solution, making cast iron and steel — with DİM-style situation and calculation tasks.
  10. 21Genetic links between inorganic compoundsThe genetic series metal → basic oxide → base → salt and non-metal → acidic oxide → acid → salt, amphoteric series, transformation chains for N, S, P, C, Fe, Al and Cr, “identify X, Y, Z” schemes, coded “which conversions are possible in one step” tasks and calculations along a chain.
5

Organic chemistry

Advanced

Alkanes, naming and isomerism, alkenes, alkynes and arenes, alcohols and phenol, aldehydes and carboxylic acids, esters and fats, nitrogen compounds and polymers, genetic links between organic substances — at grade 10–11 and DİM level.

10 lessons
  1. 22Introduction to organic chemistry: alkanes and cycloalkanesButlerov’s structure theory, classification of organic compounds and homologous series; structure, preparation and reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes, and finding a formula from combustion data — with DİM-style tasks.
  2. 23Nomenclature and isomerism of organic compoundsIUPAC naming for every class (with the DİM spelling), types of carbon atoms, kinds of isomerism and a fixed method for counting isomers without mistakes — with C₄H₁₀O, C₅H₁₀, C₄H₈O₂ and DİM-style tasks.
  3. 24Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, dienes and alkynesStructure of C=C and C≡C (sp², sp, σ and π), making and reacting alkenes, dienes and alkynes: Markovnikov’s and Zaitsev’s rules, tests with KMnO₄ and bromine water, the Kucherov reaction, acetylides and links between homologous series — with DİM-style tasks.
  4. 25Aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene and its homologuesThe structure of benzene and aromaticity, isomers and names of its homologues, substitution and addition reactions, mutual influence of atoms in toluene, styrene, how arenes are made and the natural sources of hydrocarbons — with DİM-style tasks on σ-bonds, isomers, mixtures and yield.
  5. 26Alcohols, ethers and phenolSaturated monohydric alcohols — formula, classification, naming, isomerism with ethers, hydrogen bonding, reactions and preparation — plus ethylene glycol, glycerol and phenol, with DİM-style mixture, scheme and bond-counting tasks.
  6. 27Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acidsThe carbonyl group, the homologous series, names and isomers of aldehydes and ketones, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, the silver-mirror and Cu(OH)₂ tests; monocarboxylic, unsaturated, higher and dicarboxylic acids — with DİM-style table, scheme and calculation tasks.
  7. 28Esters, fats and soapsThe structure of esters, their names in DİM style and how to count their isomers, esterification and hydrolysis, the composition of fats, their hydrogenation and saponification, soaps and synthetic detergents — with DİM-style tasks on mass conservation, yield and isomer counts.
  8. 29Amines, amino acids and proteinsNitro compounds and the Zinin reaction, classification, isomers and basicity of amines, aniline, amphoteric amino acids, the peptide bond and the molar mass of peptides, protein structure and colour reactions — with DİM-style tasks.
  9. 30Macromolecular compounds: plastics, fibres, rubbersMonomers and polymers, degree of polymerisation and stereoregularity, polymerisation and polycondensation; the plastics, rubbers and fibres of the DİM programme with their monomers, units and functional groups — with DİM-style tasks and calculations.
  10. 31Genetic links between organic compoundsChains of transformations from hydrocarbons to alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and nitrogen compounds: reagents and conditions, X/Y/Z schemes, one-step conversions and calculations along a chain — with DİM-style tasks.
6

Chemistry for upper grades

Advanced

Redox reactions, reaction rates and chemical equilibrium, electrolysis and electrochemistry, gas laws and stoichiometry, chemistry in industry and everyday life — at grade 9–11 and DİM level.

7 lessons
  1. 32Redox reactionsLearn to calculate oxidation states, identify the oxidising and reducing agents and balance redox equations by the electron-balance method.
  2. 33Rate of chemical reactionsThe average rate of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, collision theory and activation energy, the law of mass action, van 't Hoff's rule, surface area, catalysts, inhibitors and enzymes — with amount–time graphs and DİM-style calculations.
  3. 34Chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principleReversible and irreversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium constant and calculations with an «initial – reacted – equilibrium» table, the effects of concentration, pressure and temperature, esterification in the liquid phase, ammonia synthesis and the contact process — with DİM-style choice codes and written tasks.
  4. 35Galvanic cells and electrode potentialsHow a galvanic cell produces a current, what standard electrode potentials and the electrochemical series of metals tell us, how to calculate the EMF, how batteries and accumulators work and how metals are protected from corrosion — with DİM-style tasks.
  5. 36Electrolysis and Faraday's lawsElectrolysis of melts and aqueous solutions: what forms at the cathode and the anode, how to write the equations, and how to find masses, gas volumes and time with Faraday's laws — with concentration problems, electrolysers in series and DİM-style tasks.
  6. 37Gas lawsAvogadro’s law and molar volume, density and relative density of gases, the law of combining volumes, the ideal gas equation, gas mixtures and mean molar mass — with DİM-style tasks.
  7. 38Chemistry in everyday life and industryLearn how crude oil is refined and about Azerbaijan's oil history, ammonia synthesis, mineral fertilisers and environmental chemistry.
7

University chemistry

University

Master atomic orbitals, bonding theories, thermodynamics, kinetics, acid–base equilibria, organic reaction mechanisms and biochemistry at first- and second-year university level.

7 lessons
  1. 39Atomic orbitals and quantum numbersStarting from the wave nature of the electron, learn the four quantum numbers, orbital shapes, the Pauli, Hund and Aufbau principles and electron configurations.
  2. 40Chemical bonding theoriesLearn to predict molecular shape with VSEPR, and study hybridisation, polarity, intermolecular forces and the basics of molecular orbital theory.
  3. 41Chemical thermodynamicsUse enthalpy and Hess's law, entropy and Gibbs energy to calculate reaction heats and predict whether a reaction is spontaneous.
  4. 42Chemical kineticsLearn rate laws and reaction order, integrated rate laws and half-life, the Arrhenius equation and how catalysis works.
  5. 43Acid–base equilibriaKa and Kb, the pH of weak acids and bases, buffers and the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, titration curves and choosing an indicator.
  6. 44Organic reaction mechanismsNucleophiles and electrophiles, SN1/SN2 substitution, E1/E2 elimination, electrophilic addition and aromatic substitution, and the basics of stereochemistry.
  7. 45Biochemistry basicsCarbohydrates, lipids, proteins and enzymes (the Michaelis–Menten equation), nucleic acids and ATP, the cell's energy currency — in the language of chemistry.

School subjects

Primary MathsGrades 1–4: counting, adding and subtracting, times tables, shapesLife KnowledgeGrades 1–4: nature, health, safety, family and societyMathematicsFrom numbers to functions — learn to think logicallyPhysicsMotion, energy, light and the laws of the Universe