Skip to content
Educora
EN
AzərbaycancaEnglishРусскийTürkçe
My learningEducora StudioSettings

Formulas & shortcuts

History of Azerbaijan · 41

Every formula in this course and the easiest ways to remember them, on one page.

1. Ancient Azerbaijan2. Medieval Azerbaijan3. From the khanates to the Republic4. In depth: from the Mongols to the Russian conquest5. The Soviet era and independent Azerbaijan6. In depth: the 20th century — from the national movement to state building7. Historical method, trade and economy8. Source criticism and the economic history of oil

1Ancient AzerbaijanBeginner

The first people of Azerbaijan

Open lesson

The first states: Manna and Atropatene

Open lesson

Caucasian Albania

Open lesson

Monuments of Azerbaijan on the map, by period and district

Open lesson

2Medieval AzerbaijanIntermediate

Azerbaijan in the 3rd–7th centuries: the Sasanians, the Mehranids and Javanshir

Open lesson

Azerbaijani states of the 9th–11th centuries

Open lesson

The Seljuks and the Atabeg state of Azerbaijan

Open lesson

The Shirvanshah state

Open lesson

The Qaraqoyunlu state

Open lesson

The Aghqoyunlu state

Open lesson

3From the khanates to the RepublicIntermediate

Russian conquest, the oil boom and the enlightenment

Open lesson

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)

Open lesson

4In depth: from the Mongols to the Russian conquestIntermediate

The Mongol invasions and the Hulaguid state

Open lesson

The Safavid state: rise, reforms and decline

Open lesson

Between empires: Azerbaijan in 1722–1797

Open lesson

The conquest of Northern Azerbaijan: Gulistan and Turkmenchay

Open lesson

5The Soviet era and independent AzerbaijanAdvanced

Azerbaijan in the Soviet era (1920–1991)

Open lesson

Independent Azerbaijan

Open lesson

6In depth: the 20th century — from the national movement to state buildingAdvanced

The national movement, 1905–1918

Open lesson

The Democratic Republic: state building and diplomacy

Open lesson

Soviet Azerbaijan: borders, society and culture

Open lesson

Restoring independence and building the state (1988–1995)

Open lesson

7Historical method, trade and economyUniversity

Sources and historiography: how historians verify facts

Open lesson
N = N₀ · (½)^(t / T½) ⇔ t = T½ · log₂(N₀ / N)N = N₀ · (½)^(t / T½) ⇔ t = T½ · log₂(N₀ / N)
where:
  • Namount of ¹⁴C left in the sample now
  • N₀amount of ¹⁴C at the time of death
  • ttime since death, in years
  • T½half-life of ¹⁴C ≈ 5,730 years

The law of radioactive decay: the amount halves every T½. The second form follows from the first by taking logarithms.

M ≈ H − H / 33 + 622M ≈ H − H / 33 + 622
where:
  • MGregorian (AD) year
  • HHijri (AH) year

Derivation: a Hijri year is about 354 / 365 ≈ 32 / 33 of a solar year, so H Hijri years ≈ H · 32 / 33 = H − H / 33 solar years; 622 is the starting year. Accuracy ±1 year.

Azerbaijan on the Silk Road: trade, cities and crafts

Open lesson
t = s / v, n = t − 1t = s / v, n = t − 1
where:
  • tjourney time in days (number of day-stages)
  • sdistance, km
  • vdistance a caravan covers per day, km/day
  • nnumber of intermediate caravanserais for overnight stops, not counting the start and end points

A simple model: the caravan covers about the same distance each day and stops at a new caravanserai every evening.

Pₙ = P₀ · (1 + r)ⁿ
where:
  • Pₙfinal price after n middlemen
  • P₀initial price where the goods were produced
  • reach middleman's markup as a decimal (20% → 0.2)
  • nnumber of middlemen

At each step the price is multiplied by (1 + r); after n steps, by (1 + r)ⁿ.

The economy and foreign policy of independent Azerbaijan

Open lesson
M(new) = M(old) / 5000M(new) = M(old) / 5000
where:
  • M(new)amount in new manats (AZN)
  • M(old)amount in old manats (AZM)

From 1 January 2006: 5,000 old manats = 1 new manat. Redenomination changes prices and incomes in the same proportion; it does not change purchasing power.

V = Q · 159
where:
  • Vdaily volume, in litres
  • Qdaily throughput, in barrels
  • 1591 barrel ≈ 159 litres

In the oil industry, volume is usually measured in barrels; 1,000 litres = 1 m³.

g(real) ≈ g(nominal) − π
where:
  • g(real)real growth, % (after removing price rises)
  • g(nominal)nominal growth, % (at current prices)
  • πinflation, %

Exact form: 1 + g(real) = (1 + g(nominal)) / (1 + π). For small percentages, simple subtraction is accurate enough.

8Source criticism and the economic history of oilUniversity

Reading sources critically: names, dates and bias

Open lesson
N.S. = O.S. + Δ, Δ = ⌊Y / 100⌋ − ⌊Y / 400⌋ − 2N.S. = O.S. + Δ, Δ = ⌊Y / 100⌋ − ⌊Y / 400⌋ − 2
where:
  • Δthe difference between the two calendars (days)
  • Ythe year; for Old Style dates from 1 January to 28 February of 1700, 1800 or 1900 use Y − 1
  • ⌊x⌋the integer part of x (round down)

Valid for 1582–2099 (2000 was a leap year in both calendars, so Δ = 13 for 2000–2099).

Economic history of Baku oil (1846–1949)

Open lesson
m = n · 0.01638 (1 t ≈ 61.05 pud)
where:
  • mmass in tonnes (t)
  • nnumber of puds; 1 pud = 16.38 kg

Puds → tonnes.

N = m / (ρ · v)N = m / (ρ · v)
where:
  • Nnumber of barrels
  • mmass of oil, t
  • ρdensity of the oil, t/m³ (usually 0.8–0.95)
  • vvolume of one barrel ≈ 0.159 m³ (158.99 L)

Tonnes → barrels: first volume from mass (m / ρ), then the number of barrels from the volume.

g = (V₁ / V₀)^(1/n) − 1g = (V₁ / V₀)^(1/n) − 1
where:
  • gaverage annual growth rate (e.g. 0.02 = 2 %)
  • V₀, V₁start and end values (in the same unit)
  • nnumber of years

It follows from compound growth: V₁ = V₀ · (1 + g)ⁿ; divide both sides by V₀ and take the n-th root.

s = x / X · 100 %s = x / X · 100 %
where:
  • sshare, %
  • xthe part (e.g. Baku's output)
  • Xthe whole (e.g. world output)