Formulas & shortcuts
Azerbaijani Language · 33
Every formula in this course and the easiest ways to remember them, on one page.
1Sounds, letters and wordsBeginner
The Azerbaijani alphabet and sounds
Open lessonVowel harmony
Open lesson2Nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronounsIntermediate
Noun cases
Open lessonAdjectives, numerals and pronouns
Open lesson3The verbIntermediate
The verb: infinitive, negation, person and mood
Open lessonVerb tenses
Open lesson4Phonetics and morphology in depthIntermediate
Phonetics and orthoepy: syllables, stress, sound changes
Open lessonWord formation: derivational suffixes and harmony
Open lessonAdverbs, postpositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections
Open lesson5The verb in depthIntermediate
Verb voices, transitivity and moods
Open lessonParticiples, converbs and the infinitive
Open lesson6Sentences and spelling rulesAdvanced
Parts of the sentence and sentence types
Open lessonSpelling and punctuation
Open lesson7Syntax, spelling and essay writingAdvanced
Simple and complex sentences: punctuation
Open lessonSpelling: tricky cases and test tasks
Open lessonLanguage and speech culture: norms of the literary language
Open lessonTexts, text types and essay writing
Open lesson8Working with texts in the examAdvanced
Working with a text: DİM closed text tasks
Open lessonWritten tasks on a text: types and marking criteria
Open lesson- NBrelative score, nisbi bal (0–100)
- Wthe sum of the marks for the written tasks (each from 0 to 1)
- Cthe number of correctly answered closed tasks
Grade 11 school-leaving exam (Azerbaijani as the language of instruction): 20 closed and 10 written tasks. In grade 9 the score is 100/34 · (2W + C); in the group III entrance exam the Azerbaijani score is 100/33 · max(0, C − X/4) + 100/33 · (K + 2W), where X is the number of wrong closed answers and K the coded tasks.
9Linguistics: history, vocabulary, styleUniversity
Azerbaijani in the Turkic family: history and alphabets
Open lessonLexicology and word formation
Open lessonStylistics and academic writing
Open lesson10Historical phonetics and professional languageUniversity
Historical phonetics: from Old Turkic to Azerbaijani
Open lesson- *original (reconstructed or ancient) form
- >“changed historically into”
- t-, k-a hyphen after the sound means word-initial; -d- word-internal, -γ word-final
Voicing of a word-initial voiceless consonant is a key Oghuz feature: taš > daş, til > dil, käl- > gəl-, köz > göz (Kazakh tas, til, kel-, köz). It happened in many words but not all: tut-, tap-, kim, kiçik.
bar > var, bér- > ver- in Azerbaijani and Turkish but not in Turkmen (bar, ber-): so this is an innovation of the western Oghuz branch. bän > mən, bïŋ > min — b > m under the influence of the nasal (Kazakh men, mıñ, but Turkish ben, bin). In Oghuz bol- > ol- the b dropped altogether.
Word-internal and final d > y: adaq > ayaq, qod- > qoy-, bod > boy (stature). This change unites the Oghuz and Kipchak languages; other branches show different results: Tuvan adaq, Khakas azax, Yakut atax.
- Øzero: the sound is lost
sarïγ > sarı, uluγ > ulu (great). In one-syllable words γ stayed: taγ > dağ. Oghuz also lost the consonant of the dative -qa/-γa: Azerbaijani evə (to the house) — Kazakh üyge; participle: gələn — Kazakh kelgen.